The Concept of Market Segmentation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Concept of Market Segmentation - Term Paper Example The Marketing of the business requires co-ordination, planning and implementation of strategies and requires the future Marketing Manager having the right skills and training to ensure success. Marketing is an important element for the success of any organisation. Marketing message by the organisation needs to instil a sense of excitement and urgency in the customer to try out the product or service. The marketing by the organisation should satisfy the needs and wants of the customer along with benefitting the shareholders of the organisation.   Marketing management is an important part of the business management, with the customer the main focus of its activities.   Marketing objectives and targets have to be monitored and met, and through effective use of marketing research and marketing concepts, Eden Leisure & Fitness Centre should be able to identify the needs and wants of its customer and try to delivers benefits for both the customers and the business. Eden Leisure Centre will use marketing to generate the strategy which will define their sales technique, business communication and business development. Marketing concepts and techniques will be used to identify, satisfy and maintain the customer. This will help the leisure centre in building strong customer relationships, creating value for their customers as well as the business itself. An explanation of the marketing concepts and some suggestions for measures/initiatives the centre could introduce that would demonstrate a marketing orientation approach to its customers. E den Leisure fitness center needs to have a marketing-oriented approach for making their business successful. A marketing oriented approach allows organisations to conduct their work operations according to the wants of the customers. Eden Leisure fitness centre needs to denote the wants and requirements of the customers and then accordingly provide the services to them. The decisions that would be taken by Eden Leisure fitness centre needs to revolve around the customer wants rather than thinking about what would be right for customers.

Awareness of Identity Theft among Mature Students Essay - 1

Awareness of Identity Theft among Mature Students - Essay Example Identity theft has been a serious issue. It has become one of the fastest-growing crimes in the US and in the UK. A 2007 report shows that in the UK, GBP 1.7 billion is lost annually and about 10,000 fell victims in 2006 (Staff Writer, 2007). In the US, though the figure has decreased, still about 8.4 adult Americans are victims of identity fraud (Javelin, 2007). Serious and rampant as it is, awareness of this type of crime was not immediately high. Identity awareness drives had to be conducted to inform more people of the danger of falling victim to the frauds. It is important that we become aware of their existence before they steal who we are. It is important, most especially for students, to know when and when not to give away certain personal information. But before giving precautions as to how to avoid identity thieves, it is necessary to have a figure as to what fraction of the population is actually aware that frauds like these exist. A look at the history of fraud cases migh t help measure the level of awareness that has come to arise throughout the years. The number of identity fraud cases in the UK has continued to rise since eight years ago. From a mere 9,000 cases in 1999, the number increased to 24,000 in the 2001, 46,000 in 2003, and almost doubled to 80,000 in 2006. As recorded, dealing with this crime has cost the UK government GBP1.5 billion in 2005 (CIFAS). In other parts of the world, particularly the US, fraudulent activities are more rampant and damaging. For instance, US lenders were reported to have lost about USD 1 billion. In Canada, a loss of about CAND 21.8 million was recorded in 2003 because of the 14,526 cases (Report on identity theft). Looking back at a 2005 investigation by the Which! Magazine, results showed that about one-fourth of UK adults had been victims of identity fraud. This has cost the UK government about GBP1.3 billion annually. The same investigation found out that awareness of the crime has increased, with two-thirds of the individuals now concerned with the crime. "Which found that 33 per cent of adults don't take any precautions to beat the ID thieves, while 18 per cent shred their documents but still use a single password for all online banking; a similar number don't shred documents but make use of several different passwords, while 31 per cent take both precautions" (Best, 2005). After looking at statistics of how the number of identity fraud cases has continued to rise, it is then important to take a look at how people usually fall victim to frauds, and how personal information are given away. There are several ways by which a fraudster can acquire information needed to steal your identity. For one, phishing occurs over the internet. This is an easy way for thieves to get away with important account numbers and such. This may be obtained through online dating services and even job applications online. Phishing scams happen when thieves pose as employees of legitimate companies verifying information over the phone or online. And as a study shows, 92 per cent of people in London will give information to a stranger (Thomson, 2005). Another way is by engaging in casual conversations. It may

What Gives a Region a Large-Scale Competitive Advantage?

What Gives a Region a Large-Scale Competitive Advantage? The paper titled ‘The Limits of Autarky’, written by AnnaLee Saxenian (1994)[1], considers the issues surrounding clusters of industries specifically those seen in Silicon Valley and on Route 128. By studying the two areas the author aims to discover why one region can be considerably more successful than another, despite having the same mix of technologies. It has long been recognised that there is competitive advantage to having clusters of companies working together in the same geographic region. However, what is not so clear is exactly why some areas experience considerable competitive advantage while others see little or no notable benefits. By taking a detailed look at Silicon Valley and comparing it directly with Route 128, the author aims to answer this key question, namely, what exactly gives a region such large-scale competitive advantage over other regions? Underlying this analysis, the author makes the important decision to rebut earlier presumptions made by other scholars in relation to the boundaries between internal and external economies. The author notes that in previous research there has been a tendency for scholars to draw strong distinctions and boundaries in relation to where the internal firm ends and the external economy begins. By suggesting that there is no clear-cut point between internal and external and that the region is, in fact, more akin to a social network with blurred boundaries, the author is able to take a novel and arguably more useful position when it comes to explaining differences in regions (Powell, 1996)[2]. The first area of research that the author undertakes is looking at the traditional limits of external economies and the analysis that has traditionally been done on the impact of such external economies and localised industrialisation. On a basic level of external economy of scale, analysis explains why firms will tend to cluster together so they can share resources such as transport or even talent; this is not disputed by the author and, in fact, is given greater importance by the author than it has by other modern researchers. The author does not dispute that both Silicon Valley and Route 128 are classic examples of external economies and even reinforces this concept by recognising that they are similar to 19th century industrial districts. However, the author states that there are limits to this analysis which restrict the potential use of external economies as a means of determining why one region would be so much more successful than another. Both Silicon Valley and Route 128 b enefited from the self-reinforcing position that they found themselves in, due to these external economies. For example, as new firms joined the area there was greater venture capital available allowing yet more firms to join. This in turn attracted some of the best talent in the country which allowed the areas to expand (Piore Sabel, 1984)[3]. However, the real question that the author is focusing on is how Silicon Valley became so much more successful than Route 128, despite seemingly having the same underlying situation. Starting at the same position, between the years 1975 and 1990 Silicon Valley expanded offering 150,000 new jobs in the technology field, whereas on Route 128 only 50,000 jobs were created (Saxenian, 1994)[4]. By 1990, Silicon Valley produced one third of all electronic products from the USA, with a total value of $11 billion. By which time, Route 128 had seen considerably less growth producing just $4.6 billion. It is this divergence that the author focuses on; how did two areas that were so similar in 1975 become so different? One of the first concepts that the author explores is that of a network approach. This furthers the concept stated earlier by the author that firms are not individual, autonomous entities and that the boundary between internal factors and external factors is considerably more blurred than previous research might suggest. The author successfully argues that one of the key differences between Silicon Valley and Route 128 is their approach to the way in which individual organisations network with each other within the region. Previous researchers have alluded to this difference, but the author notes that they tend to be disregarded largely as cultural differences, e.g. with California being known for its particularly laid back approach and Massachusetts for being much more risk averse. Whilst the author agrees with this and believes it may have had a bearing on the differences, she feels culture alone is not the main issue. By taking a detailed look at the culture of Silicon Valley, the author identifies that one of the fundamental differences between this region and Route 128 is that Silicon Valley actively encouraged firms to learn jointly and to share experiences. This type of mutual adjustment is something that the author believes is fundamental to the competitive advantage that Silicon Valley has established. Not only has this allowed Silicon Valley to develop some of the most complex technological products, but it has also encouraged very free labour markets ensuring that the right people are commonly found in the right jobs. Contrasting this with Route 128, the author notes that there was considerable more secrecy amongst the firms and much less in the way of sharing. These cultural differences and the way in which the networks operate in these two regions have been noted by the author to be the main reason that Silicon Valley became so much more successful than Route 128. The way in which the individual firms perceive themselves within the Route 128 region and the way in which they keep themselves distinct from other similar companies has been developed as a way of ensuring that each individual firm maintains corporate secrecy. Whilst this protective approach may seem logical, it has inadvertently caused the region to stagnate with little in terms of job movements and little or no sharing of knowledge between firms (Florida Kenney, 1990)[5]. Capturing this, the author identifies Silicon Valley as being a regional network-based system rather than being an independent firm-based system. In establishing this analysis, the author questions why Route 128 firms would employ such a strategy for victory when it was clear to see that the diametrically opposed strategy was working so well in Silicon Valley. Having recognised that this is the fundamental difference between Silicon Valley and Route 128, the author explores this competitive advantage further. It is identified that the rigidity seen within Route 128 was entirely suitable when technology was not moving quickly. Where there was no need to adapt rapidly, maintaining individual firms with their own internal knowledge base was key to maintaining a competitive advantage. However, during the 1970s, technological developments were moving rapidly and the need to share resources between firms became critical; this was not something that the firms within Route 128 were able to a dapt to, primarily down to the systems that they had established and the high levels of corporate secrecy that were inherent in their business structures (DeBresson Walker, 1991)[6]. In order to confirm what the author suspects may be the reason for Silicon Valleys competitive advantage, the author looked at Japanese industry (Imai, 1989)[7]. Networking is recognised as critical for all Japanese industries. Moreover, many smaller medium enterprises are linked together, either with agreements or joint ownership structures in order to share a greater variety of resources. This often results in geographical clusters but is not essential. What is clear, however, is that these types of collaborative clusters produce considerable efficiencies. For example, the Japanese car market is one of the best in the world and uses this network-based structure to remain competitively advantaged. Having seemingly found the reasons for Silicon Valley’s success, the author then moves on to compare and contrast two specific companies in order to see if the theory holds up in practice. The author chose to consider Apollo Computer and Sun Microsystems as the two companies were essentially similar in the 1970s; they were both technology-based start-ups with Apollo computer being established on Route 128 and Sun Microsystems established in Silicon Valley. In keeping with Route 128 culture, Apollo established itself as a very independent company even in so far as actually producing the workstations, not simply designing them. Whilst this initially offered considerable competitive advantage over competitors, it did mean that they developed systems that were entirely incompatible with any other. In contrast, Sun Microsystems, which was established in Silicon Valley, operates a very open policy for sharing information with neighbouring companies and establishing a system that is fully compatible with all other available systems. Sun Microsystems also looks at other companies actually to produce the systems as sticking to the pure design prototype building enables them to concentrate their efforts and expertise. Initially, there was very little difference in the actual performance of the two companies, but over time, Sun became considerably more profitable, as it was able to adapt much more quickly to changes in the industry. By keeping everything internally, Apollo was unable to adapt and this caused considerable decline in sales (Granovetter, 1985)[8]. These structural differences were clearly important to the relative success of the two organisations. The author then takes this one step further by stating that she actually believes the differences lie in the management style and not in the physical structure of the organisation. Apollo, for example, was very strict about business dress codes and very tight on quality controls; the new manager of Apollo, in 1984, was Thomas Vanderslice and he brought in an exceptionally strict regime which was entirely opposite to the casual and relaxed atmosphere seen in Sun Microsystems (Schein, 1985)[9]. Although this in itself should not indicate the relative success of the organisation, it was indicative of the willingness to adapt and change that Sun Microsystems had and Apollo did not. This again is typical of Silicon Valley companies in contrast with Route 128 companies. In fact, Sun’s success was so substantial that many Apollo managers left during the 1980s to join the rival compan y. This caused even further splits between the two regions as expertise began to collect in the Silicon Valley area (Nohria Eccles, 1992)[10]. Hewlett Packard was another example that the author cited as being a success for Silicon Valley. Despite being a huge organisation, it did not fall foul of becoming rigid and unable to adapt to this ever-changing industry. It maintained a nexus of almost entirely independent departments all working together but maintaining sufficient independence to enable them to react rapidly to any necessary changes (Sabel, 1988)[11]. The author draws contrast with DEC a large technological company based on Route 128, which was highly hierarchical in structure and failed to compete at this game due to its unwieldy and rigid internal structures. Conclusions By drawing together both the case studies mentioned above as well as previous research, the author has successfully demonstrated that the way in which an organisation views itself and the way in which it views its relationships with other firms in the same geographical region is critical to the ultimate success of the firm and the region in which it exists. The author concludes, correctly in my opinion, that network-based approaches offer considerable competitive advantage to a firm and the region, in particular, in industries where rapid adaptation is necessary. Collaboration vertically is essential to the success of the industry, as a whole. Corporate secrecy as is seen on Route 128 is a substantial barrier to the development of the technological industries and this has been proven to be the case. Although the author recognises that the physical structure is important to ensure openness and networking between firms, companies should also understand that management style of key firms is more influential than was originally thought. It should be noted that the author does recognise that this network-based approach may not always be suitable and that whilst it is evident that the network-based approach worked very well in the technology industry, in slower moving industries where firms must closely guard their corporate secrets, a much m ore individual firm-based approach is likely to be more successful. Comparing and contrasting Silicon Valley with Route 128 has allowed the author to explore fully and to explain successfully the potential impact of a network-based approach. The value of this comparison is immensely important for the understanding of the network-based approach and has provided valuable insight for other industries moving forwards. Bibliography DeBresson, C. Walker, R. eds. (1991). Special issue on networks of innovators. Research Policy, 20 (5). Florida, R. Kenney M. (1990). Silicon Valley and Route 128 wont save us. California Management Review, 33 (1), 68-88. Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91 (3), 481-510. Imai, K. (1989). Evolution of Japans corporate and industrial networks. In B. Carlsson, ed. Industrial Dynamics Boston, MA: Kluwer. Nohria, N. Eccles, R., eds. (1992). Networks and organizations: Structure, form, and action. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Piore, M. Sabel, C. (1984). The second industrial divide: Possibilities for prosperity. New York: Basic Books. Powell,W., (1996). Trust-Based Forms of Governance in Kramer, R,M. Tyler,T.R. eds, Trust in Organizations. London: Sage. Sabel, C. (1988). Flexible specialization and the reemergence of regional economies. In Hirst, P. and Zeitlin, J., eds. Reversing industrial decline?: Industrial structure and policy in Britain and her competitors. Oxford, UK: Berg. Saxenian, A. (1994). Regional advantage: Culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Saxenian, A., (1994). The limits of Autarky: Beyond Networks and Industrial Adaptation in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Available at: http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~anno/. Schein, E. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Footnotes [1] Saxenian, A., (1994). The limits of Autarky: Beyond Networks and Industrial Adaptation in Silicon Valley and Route 128. [2] Powell,W., (1996). Trust-Based Forms of Governance in Kramer, R,M. Tyler,T.R. eds, Trust in Organizations. London: Sage. [3] Piore, M. Sabel, C. (1984). The second industrial divide: Possibilities for prosperity. New York: Basic Books. [4] Saxenian, A. (1994) Regional advantage: Culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [5] Florida, R. Kenney M. (1990). Silicon Valley and Route 128 wont save us. California Management Review 33 (1), 68-88. [6] DeBresson, C. Walker, R. eds. (1991). Special issue on networks of innovators. Research Policy. 20 (5). [7] Imai, K. (1989). Evolution of Japans corporate and industrial networks. In B. Carlsson, ed. Industrial Dynamics Boston, MA: Kluwer. [8] Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91 (3), 481-510. [9] Schein, E. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. [10] Nohria, N. Eccles, R., eds. (1992). Networks and organizations: Structure, form, and action. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. [11] Sabel, C. (1988). Flexible specialization and the reemergence of regional economies. In Hirst, P. and Zeitlin, J., eds. Reversing industrial decline?: Industrial structure and policy in Britain and her competitors. Oxford, UK: Berg.

Clark and Menefee Architects :: essays papers

Clark and Menefee Architects The Reid House was designed by W.G. Clark and Charles Menefee and built in John’s Island, SC in 1986. Menefee and Clark designed primarily in the American South. Clark and Menefee are known for their â€Å"tripartite vertical organization.† The base level normally consists of secondary bedroom(s)/studio spaces and services. The First floor is a â€Å"piano nobile of principal rooms with a double-height living space.† The attic level usually consists of the master bedroom and bath. The Reid House is set up in this fashion. The house is located in a modest setting, surrounded by house trailers and cheaply built houses. The image of the house was â€Å"derived from vernacular farm buildings as well as from more formal Palladian structures.† One author described the setting as â€Å"John’s Island, a peaceful landscape where truck farmers tend tomato fields carved out of scrub-pine and dwarf-cedar forests, and where the front yards of shacks ar e littered with junked cars, rusting agricultural machinery, and other decaying impedimenta of the Industrial Revolution.† The house is a three-story tower with two components. The first is a 20 ft. sq. section made of concrete block, housing the living and bedrooms, referred to as the â€Å"served space(s).† The second part, referred to as the â€Å"serving space(s),† is a wood-frame shed that holds the kitchen and the bathrooms. These two components are â€Å"joined at the fireplace and chimney, around which the stair winds.† The materials used for the house are inexpensive, in keeping with the surrounding structures. One section is made of concrete blocks, exposed on the inside and covered with waterproofing paint on the outside. The other part of the house is â€Å"sheathed in plywood and battens and its roof is covered in asphalt shingle.† The floors are painted pine, the interior partitions, painted plywood. The total cost of the house was $102,000, only $2,000 over the budget that the Reids had set. They wanted the house built because they wanted to move their two small children out of a trailer home, and they wanted to have a larger space in which they could manage their 120-acre horse farm. The total area of the house is only 1600 sq. ft. One author noted that the house â€Å"[reconciles] lofty aspirations and modest means.† W.G.

Review the article What is strategy? by Michael .E. Porter Essay

Michael Eugene Porter is a Professor at The Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, based at the Harvard Business School. He is generally recognized as the father of the modern strategy field. One of his great writing is â€Å"What is strategy?† published in 1996. The beginning of the article raises a mistake of Operational Effectiveness for Strategy that many companies had suffered for almost two decades. In the article, Operational Effectiveness means performing similar activities better than rivals perform them. To achieve this objective, companies based on its strength using their best available technologies, skill, management, human resource, eliminated wasted effort, motivated employees†¦ As the result of this, they could offer lower cost but superior quality to the customers meanwhile moving toward the frontier. In this case, customers and suppliers received a lot of benefit. But for the companies the fast and dramatic profit they received at the early time day by day became nothing. They just run faster and faster in the endless race of Operational Effectiveness, no one could win. One of the reasons for this is so irony. Competitors imitated the best practices in technology, management, input improvement. Therefore most of the com panies look nearly the same. There were no difference and competitive advantage anymore and the sinking price ever nearer to marginal cost. We can see it clearly in mobile phone market; Samsung is facing with the imitation from Chinese companies for example Xiaomi. Those new entrants put a heavy threat on market share and made Samsung lose a lot of money. By finding out and describe the matter really clearly, this article has shown the conflict in operating the companies. Managers have tried to get the better but receive the worse. It explains why many companies got stuck in their management trap for almost twenty years. To make it clearer, a very typical example falls into Japanese companies which imitated and emulated one another, tried to satisfy any need from customers. This argument from Porter helps managers avoid mistake and remind them about strategy. In the second part of the article, the method to solve the matter is introduced: â€Å"Strategy rests on Unique Activities†. Porter suggested that to avoid copying, and to be different, managers have to choose a different set of activities to deliver a unique mix of value, and perform activities different from competitors. It is Strategy positioning including three sources: The first one is â€Å"Variety Based Positioning†. The companies use this if they can create a particular product or service using distinctive set of activities to satisfy one common need of a group of customers. A very good example for this case is Jiffy Lube International. It just focus on automotive lubricants, no other car repair or maintenance service. Therefore, their service is faster at lower cost, persuading customer to get oil changes. This way will attract customers with strong and specific need especially the wise customers who believe in the advantage of specialization. The second one is â€Å"Needs Based Positioning† meaning serving all or most of the needs of a particular group of customers. To illustrate this case, Porter showed a very excellent example of Ikera. This company tried to serve all the home furnishing needs of its target customers who were happy to trade-off service for cost and need stylish furniture, in-store child care, extended hours. Besides according to the customers’ life period or special occasions, companies can offer different kinds of services, for example, BIDV bank can offer student a loan for study, after that another loan for buying car, house or when he needs some money for his wedding or business. The third one is â€Å"Access Based Positioning†: Segmenting customers who are accessible in different ways (geography, scale, or other differentiator that requires customizing of activities to reach this group of customers). For example, in Indian rural places where the roads were too poor that car and truck can not approach, Unilever group used local people to carry their products (shampoo†¦) and deliver to the local people in those remote places. In practice, some companies likes Blackberries, Samsung can attract normal customers by advertising but for famous people who create the fashion trend and influence community’s preference, the best way is sponsor or giving them the new expensive product as a present and paying them to use it. Anyway, there is an argument that is strategy doesn’t mean niche approach and the most important is that decision on selecting a set of activities has to meet a group of customers’ common needs. The more valuable the company’s position is the more attractive for rivals to imitate. Competitors can reposition itself or straddling (Continental airline maintain its full service while imitated Southwest point-to-point routes, no meal, low fare†¦). In order to make strategic position sustainable and avoid a burden of functions, companies have to trade-off. And it is mentioned in the third part of the article. â€Å"Trade-off† creates the need for choice and protects against repositioning and straddles as well as limit what a company offers. The company trades-off for three reasons; the first is in consistencies in image or reputation. For example Neutrogena has built it image for medical reputation, other brand can not copy because of huge expense. Some famous singers, actors or actresses never appear in small-time, unimportant show or event which may blur their image and rep utation. The second is from activities themselves, different position need different standards, method, and equipment (Ikea)†¦. A university lab room is just used for teaching or checking models in simple cases. It can not be used to do business in complex case like the lab room in industry. Finally; it comes from limit on internal coordination and control. Continental lost a lot of money when imitating Southwest to add a new service for point-to-point flight. However, in practice, trade-off is not easy. It’s not sure to choose what to remain and what to give up. In psychology, managers always want to make their company grow. When seeing the competitors who are successful and get a lot of profit, it’s hard to ignore without jump into that business. Therefore, trade-off requires thoughtful decision and sensitive impression. Furthermore, Porter argues that to gain competitive and sustainability every thing has to be â€Å"Fit†. That is the way activities relate to another. They are combined to fit and reinforce another. Activities can be performed separately but the give effect on each other. Since competitors are facing an entire ecosystem, with elements that allow and strengthen each other existence, they need to be very persistent, capitalize, or creative to be able to replicate or break the company’s strategy. To break a single chopstick is easy but it’s impossible to do the same with a bundle. Samsungà ¢â‚¬â„¢s success is achieved by a combination many aspects. Their products are well designed by excellent designers who are often visit world’s wonders, museum, and learn more knowledge from specialists. In addition, they have 33 technology centers for research. Their new management philosophy is another strong point, quality control and positive changes are extremely focused. On the other hand, Long Thanh milk fell to get fit. Their product â€Å"Lothamilk† is really good on quality and preferred by customers but the conflict among the leaders, the problem in management, and weakness in promotion prevent them from being in the top and growth. In the last part, Porter mentions about Rediscovering Strategy. One of main point is Failure to choose. Managers have been confused about the necessity of making choices. Scaring of leaving behind, companies imitated one another rush to meet all the needs of customers. Focusing on the efficiency frontier could lead one to think that companies should be able to beat its rivals simultaneously on all dimens ions. Another one is Growth Trap that means blind pursuit of growth has a diluting effect on a company’s strategy. Neutrogena suffered such a painful experience when they expanded into a wide variety of products: eyes-makeup remover, shampoo†¦which are not unique and weaken their image. Everything became worse when they began turning to promotion. The second point is Profitable Grow: Too often efforts to develop might harm the strategy but managers can choose suitable activities and cost to element their performance, deepen the long-term position. For example, Maytag organized it value brands into separate units with different strategic position while creating umbrella appliance company for all its brands to gain critical mass. The last but not least important is The Role of Leadership. The managers’ making choice or decision is really important. They have to choose what to do and what to trade-off. In Samsung’s management, when the CEO’s decision is made, all the members in this company have to strictly follow without any other argument or objection. In conclusion, improving in Operational Effectiveness is essential but it’s not enough because company need strategy for long-term success. Therefore, every company has to create preservable positive difference to set up it position, know how to trade-off, keep fit, and flexible enough to adapt wit h major constructional changes in its industry. The article â€Å"What is strategy† helps the readers to find out the difference between operational Effectiveness and Strategy, Then managers can realize the way to develop a valuable and sustainable strategy to control the company’s growth and maintain its composition as well as avoid mistake, and copy from the rivals. After reading this managers can combine positioning, trade-off, fit together to have a good strategy. It also shows us Strategy is the direction and capacity of an organization over long-term, and it is very important for the success of any business organization. Besides all the arguments in the article are in a good order. At the beginning, the problem was raised, and then came many explanations leading the solution. Each argument is made clear by a typical example which is clearly analyzed. On the other hand, the subjects in examples are reused many times, that helps the readers feel familiar and understand deeply about every case. Moreover, the information in the article is really useful and practical for management because it is the result of a careful research based on real, practical situations of some famous companies from all over the world. In addition, the business reality reflected in this article clearly illustrates the theory in the book. Finally, it is well designed and easy to understand. Therefore, all readers from beginning or advantage levels can enjoy it and find some thing useful for them. — The end —

Unfair practice procedure

This event was held as portion of the on-going support made available to academic schools to back up consistent application of the Unfair Practice Procedure, and to portion pattern in the usage of plagiarism sensing tools and schemes that help avoid plagiarism. The event was divided into the three elements below: A sum-up of the usage made of the Unfair Practice Procedure, and a opportunity to discourse issues originating from this ; Discussion of the usage made of Turnitin and the online tools that can assist raise consciousness of plagiarism ; A short presentation by three International Students on the different attacks to analyze they have encountered before come ining UK higher instruction.1 ) The Unfair Practice ProcedureA sum-up of the instances considered by the University Committee of Enquiry was presented, along with the available informations on the instances considered within schools, and remarks made by External Examiners on this issue. Small group treatment followed between participants, which led a figure of issues being identified that relate to the Committee of Enquiry. These included the position of some schools that the Committee has been excessively lenient in some instances, and that the processs used by the Committee remain really nerve-racking to staff involved. It was noted that this has resulted in some schools being unwilling to use the process.2 ) Prevention and Detection ToolsA brief presentation was given of a scope of online tools that are available to back up Cardiff pupils in this country, incl uding the & A ; lsquo ; Student Guide to Academic Integrity ‘ , & A ; lsquo ; Plagiarism Learning Objects within the Information Literacy Resource Bank ‘ , and the & A ; lsquo ; Plagiarism and How to Avoid it ‘ tutorial now available through Blackboard. This was followed by treatment of the increased usage that is being made of the Turnitin plagiarism sensing package, and of the issues that surround its usage. Points originating from this treatment included the demand to be cognizant of possible additions in assessment-related disposal, and the possible value of the tool to back up formative appraisals.3 ) The View of International StudentsFollowing a sum-up of the survey patterns that international pupils have admitted to, the concluding portion of the workshop saw three international pupils offer their position on the different cultural and study traditions that exist in the UK compared with their place states, and the differing outlooks of their current schools and support mechanisms available. The positions provided echo the recent research findings, which have highlighted the scope of different challenges that international pupils face in this country. These include traditions that focus on a cultural worldview where regard for betters and seniors is paramount, an accent on rote acquisition, and a focal point on multiple pick inquiries and scrutinies that rely on memory. The event concluded by observing that larning to run within western academic conventions, for international pupils, is kindred to larning a new linguistic communication. the resources linked to from this page have been collated to help academic staff when they suspect an unjust pattern has taken topographic point in a coursework appraisal. The undermentioned resources can be accessed from this page: Unfair Practice – Staff Guidance [ 83.2 Kb ] This note covers the undermentioned countries: definition of unjust pattern, how to forestall unjust pattern in coursework, and the stairss that must be followed when an unjust pattern is suspected. The Unfair Practice Regulations as detailed in the Academic Regulations Handbook. These contain inside informations of the process that must be used. TheTurnitin Plagiarism Detection Service is an on-line tool that can assist place cases of unjust pattern. Information and advice about accessing the service is availablehere. A new individual instance record has been adopted for cases of unjust pattern. Flow charts have besides been developed to assist steer staff through the process. These can be accessed from the resources subdivision. A suite of standard letters has been provided to help staff involved in the application of the new Unfair Practice Procedure. The undermentioned missive templets are available to download from the Resources subdivision of this page:Letter 1: Unfair Practice Co-ordinator ask foring pupil to go to a meetingLetter 2: Unfair Practice Co-ordinator directing pupil the notes of the meetingLetter 3: Chair of Exam Board to student who failed to go to the initial meetingLetter 4: Chair of Exam Board to student where the determination is that unjust pattern has occured, and advising pupil of the punishmentLetter 5: Chair of Exam Board to student where the determination is that no unjust pattern occurred and no farther action will be taken5.0Unfair pattern in a formal scrutiny: initial phases5.1 When it is considered or suspected that a campaigner is prosecuting in unjust pattern, the campaigner shall be informed, sooner in the presence of a informant, that the fortunes will be reported. The cam paigner shall, nevertheless, be allowed to go on the scrutiny and any subsequent scrutiny ( s ) without bias to any determination that may be taken. Failure to give such a warning shall non, nevertheless, prejudice subsequent proceedings. When appropriate, the invigilator shall impound and retain grounds associating to any alleged unfair scrutiny pattern, so that it is available to any subsequent probe. The invigilator shall every bit shortly as possible study the fortunes in authorship, with any grounds retained, to the Superintendent of Examinations, who shall in bend inform the Chair of the relevant Examining Board. In the instance of a trial contributing to the concluding faculty consequence, which is conducted under the auspices of the section, the invigilator shall describe to the Chair of the Examining Board, who in bend shall describe to the Overseer5.2 Suspected unjust pattern detected during or after the marker periodAn internal or external tester or any other individual who, whether during the marking period or later, considers or suspects that a campaigner has engaged in an unjust pattern, shall describe the affair in composing to the Chair of the relevant Examining Board every bit shortly as possible. The Chair shall retain any relevant grounds and shall forthwith study the affair in composing to the Superintendent of Examinations. The Overseer of Examinations shall so take the action prescribed below.5.3Further action to be taken by the Superintendent of ExaminationsOn reception of a study refering an allegation of unjust pattern, the Superintendent of Examinations shall discourse the affair with the Chair of the relevant Examining Board to find whether, in the visible radiation of all the fortunes, a Prima facie instance has been established. If it is decided that no farther action against the campaigner should be taken, the Chair of the relevant Examining Board shall, where appropriate, inform the campaigner in composing that the affair is closed. If satisfied that such a instance exists, the Superintendent shall describe the instance in composing to the Registrar and shall direct to him/her transcripts of any relevant supporting grounds. The process shown shall so run as described. The Registrar shall inform the campaigner in authorship of the allegation, and that a Committee of Inquiry will be constituted to see the instance. The campaigner ‘s attending shall be drawn to the Academic Regulation on Unfair Practice.ContentssDefinition of Unfair Practice|Unfair Practice in a Formal Examination – Initial Stages|All Cases of Unfair Practice in Work Completed Under Non-examinable Conditions|School Level Cases|Appeals against a instance at School level|Cases to be referred to the University ‘s Committee of Enquiry|Unfair pattern in work completed in Taught Master ‘s Dissertations and Research Degree Theses – Initial Stages|Establishment of the University ‘s Committee of Enquiry to cover with instances of Unfair Practice|Functions of the Committee|Procedure during the meeting|Penalties available to the # Committee for unjust pattern in scrutiny conditions|Penalties available to the Committee of Enquiry in instances of Unfair Pract ice in non-examination conditions|Penalties available to the Committee in instances of Unfair Practice in Research grades ( including Part II Taught Masters grades ) |Action to be taken following the Committee of Enquiry|Appeals

The Australian Ecomony

The Australian Ecomony Abstract Australia is a steadily growing economy that can attribute its success to the economic policies that have been applied. This report evaluates the macroeconomic setting in economic growth, unemployment, inflation and trade. The investigations will discuss the performance after adoption.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Australian Ecomony specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Issues surrounding the macroeconomic policies will be discussed. Two major policies have been adopted and have been successful. The monetary and fiscal policies are most effective when applied within a short period. They have been implemented in creation of more water resources, expansion of the port, communication infrastructure, transport network and education. The policies have seen reduced rates in taxation, privatized the governmental enterprises and changed the structure of the enterprises. The main challenge is that the electorate a nd the legislature have sometimes used the policies for their own interests. Another challenge is that employment is sometimes unsustainable. To overcome the challenges, reports on the implementation of the policies need to be documented and availed for analysis. This will also allow for transparency. There is also need to form independent groups to be in charge of the fiscal policy and monetary policy. Introduction The Australian government has been keen to attain economic growth, reduce the levels of inflation create sustainable employment and create opportunities for future, in terms of market. Due to the dynamics of the market, Australia has adopted policies that control the economic prospects in a changing market. This is a report on the macroeconomic policy settings for economic growth, unemployment, inflation and trade currently being applied in Australia. The current macroeconomic setting in Australia The economy of Australia receives greater revenue from mining and agricult ure than from other services. In line with Travel Document Systems (2011, p. 1), government has benefited from exporting raw materials as well as manufacturing them. Manufacturing therefore, is causing gradual economic growth and creating more trade opportunities while creating more employment. Redding Venables (2004, p. 34) add that the policies that have been adopted have enabled Australia compete in the international trade. Currently, the high tariffs and strict trade rules have been lessened to enable a steady growth and to control inflation.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Adopted from: https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-cpi Free trade characterizes the economy. Australia has also enacted policies that have made the currency remain afloat in a tough economic era. Furthermore, the financial sector has undergone reforms that have contributed to the positive outcome in the market and stability. For instance, the policies allow the use of foreign banks. Australia has within its economic power, reduced the unemployment levels by allowing labor flexibility for workers. The government has also reviewed its structures to ensure that the systems allow for growth, reduce inflation, create more employment and lead to future trade opportunities. The structures of the government have undergone changes that have reduced overlapping of responsibilities and neglecting of some area and have instead become more objective and efficient. Australia has privatized state owned enterprises as Travel document systems (2011, p. 1) reveals. This has led to increased investments both internally and externally. Consequently, the privatization has increased efficiency within the enterprise and has led to creation of more employment opportunities. The taxation system has also been reviewed. New policies ensure that the rates favor economic growth. Th e income tax rates have been reduced.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Australian Ecomony specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government has been able to achieve the growth, after adoption of the macroeconomic policies. The monetary policy and fiscal policy have been adopted and made positive changes. The level of debts is expected to reduce after a continuous economic growth. Analysis of the policies Economic growth Among the policies that the Australia has adopted, is the fiscal policy as discussed by Nguyen (2005, p. 2). The government uses the budget to manipulate the outcome of economic activities. This is possible because the government monitors changes and formulates policies that will assist in achieving its objectives. When the economy is deteriorating, the government implements fiscal policies within a short span of time and redeems the market. This is achieved by reducing taxes and financial support for the expansion of the market. Consequently, more sales are realized and more investors become interested. The government is also keen to avoid encouraging foreign investors. More so, the policies are designed to avoid encountering a deficit. As a result, the resources are distributed evenly (Keech 1995, p. 11). As a result of these strategies, the Country’s Gross Domestic product (GDP) growth has increased especially in the year 2011, second quarter. It grew by 1.20 percent in this second quarter. Adopted from: https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/gdp-growth Inflation The fiscal policy affects the outcome of inflation. Gregory (1996, p. 2) says that the other policy that has been used is the monetary policy. To correct imbalances in the market, the government has purchased bonds, reduced interest rates, created avenues for investment and discouraged unemployment.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are policies designed for the expansion of agriculture, communication, transport networks and education sector as discussed by Young et al (2008, p. 1). The government has invested in water because it recognizes the need for sustainable and reliable water for agriculture. Irrigation has been used after the state has put up the structures and increased yield has been realized. Irrigation has been improved with the realization that the systems of water in Australia are underutilized. Wilkie McDonald (2008, p. 1) add that education sector has increased its infrastructure to increase the number of people in need of training. The ports have also been improved with the desire to expand and allow for trade. Davis, G Tunny (2005, p. 1) mention that the Australian government has been sensitive to the issue of global warming. They have taken measures that will reduce the carbon emissions. They have a trading system for carbon emission. Employment According to Travel document systems ( 2011, p.1), employment has increased with the adoption of the monetary and fiscal policies. What is more is that there are more full time employments with increased skilled. The employment seems to be more consistent even for full time employees in the year 2011. Adopted from: https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/unemployment-rate Travel document systems (2011, p. 1) point out that there are international agreements that Australia has engaged in. Trade relations with China, United States as well as with other states have been established. It has also increased the output on manufactured goods. Gruen (2001, p. 98) argues that the monetary and fiscal policies are not free from problems. They pose the challenge of shifting policies whenever there are changes in the market. This problem is rooted in the interest of the electorate wanting to work on their interests. Another challenge with the policies is the failure of providing reports hence; the legislature has taken advantage and concealed undesirable deals. It has also been noted that the fiscal policies and monetary policies face delays when it comes to implementation. Trade into the near future The macroeconomic setting in Australia is realizing growth and can maintain the trend by ensuring the policies are effective and go hand in hand with the dynamic of the market. It is likely to engage in economic partnerships with other economies. Trading with other countries will also boost the economy of the country. The Balance of Payment of Australia has not been very consistent and a lot need to be done to improve the current account. The trend is as shown in the diagrams below. Adopted from: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[emailprotected]/mf/5302.0/ Conclusions Australia has been able to adopt policies that have led to gradual economic growth, reduced unemployment, controlled inflation and increased trade. This is as a result of the monetary policy and fiscal policy. The policies have led to reforms in the transport sector and increased infrastructure in communication, irrigation, port and transport. This is because it largely depends on agriculture and export of the minerals. The employment rates have increased and the inhalation of the currency remained controlled. The manufacturing sector has also grown and it is engaging in international trade. Another policy adopted includes environmental policy on carbon trading. Sustaining the employment levels has been challenging while the shifting interest with the legislature concerning the policies has become challenging. The challenges will be contained if transparency and efficiency is achieved. Reports and the independence of the policies from the electoral and legislature will lead to more sustained growth, increased employment and low inflation. Recommendations In accordance with Phipps and Sheen (2008, p. 101), the government must review the employment trends and reduce the instability in the labor force. This can be achieved by adop ting policies that meet shorter demand of the market. Moreover, it is necessary to consider the effects of shorter employment in a dynamic market with the aim of timing the opportunities in the market. Developing institutions that have independence is necessary to enable economic growth. Moreover, reports on the activities that involve monetary policy and fiscal policy must be provided and analyzed to establish the success and the shortcomings. In addition, reports will increase the transparency in the process. Reference List Davis, G. Tunny, G., 2005. International comparisons of research and  development. Economic Roundup. Gregory, R 1996., Some implications of the growth of the minerals sector in Australian  Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 20 no. 2. Gruen, N. 2001., Greater independence for fiscal institutions. OECD journal of  Budgeting, 1, 89-117. Keech, W. 1995., Economic Politics: The Costs of Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nguyen, D., 2005. Macroeconomic Policy in Australia. Web. Phipps, A. J. and Sheen, J. R., 2008. Macroeconomic policy and employment growth in  Australia. Australia: The Australian economic review. Redding, S. Venables, A., 2004. Economic Geography and International Inequality. Journal of International Economics, vol. 62. Travel document systems., 2011. Economy. Web. Wilkie, J. McDonald, T., 2008. Economic geography and economic performance in Australia. Economic roundup, 3. 2008. Young, A., Wilkie, J., Ewing, R. Rahman, J., 2008. International comparisons of  industry productivity. Australia: Economic Roundup.

Banning Progress in the World of Swimming

Banning Progress in the World of Swimming Picture a teenager who committed to a sport almost his entire life, came to every practice and dry-land training session for many consecutive years and begged his parents to buy him a six-hundred-dollar polyurethane swim suit only to be somewhat similar to the infamous Micheal Phelps, Ryan Lochte, or Jason Lezak. Now picture the same kid being told that he can no longer wear that “technical” suit at any swim meets and that he has to resort to the primitive “jammers” swimsuit, which has not been used in the Olympics since 2004. This all sounds ridiculous; however, it is ridiculously true.At the annual 2009 Convention of USA Swimming Delegates, representing clubs from all 50 states, an overwhelming vote had been cast for early implementation of a ban on high-tech swimsuits. Only to follow in near future, that is on Jan 1st of 2010, will be the same response from the NCAA, FINA, and numerous high school swimming organizations, including New Yorks PSAL.English: Ryan Locht e during 2008 Olympic Trials (O...The USA Swimming ban will take effect on October 1st, 2009 and will throw away the dreams of countless youngsters, hard-earned money of countless parents, and strive for innovations in the world of competitive swimming all into the bin.If an individual works his heart out both physically and mentally in order to achieve a certain goal, shouldnt he be given the same opportunities as those who already achieved that goal? A typical high school teen who is part of a USA swimming club outside of school regularly spends and average of twenty hours in the pool weekly. Completing workouts that total over 5 miles daily, which is more that most individuals walk, the teen who undergoes such mental and physical stress is uncontrovertibly determined toward achieving a certain goal. If any type of turbulence is...

Biography Of Father Serra

An expedition brought Father Sera to San Diego Bay to build his first Mission. His second Mission was in Monterey Bay. It was called Mission Carmela. He built seven more mission and took the Indians In. In 1784 Father Sera was old, tired, and sick. He had a difficult time breathing and his leg was diseased and painful. He went to Mission Carmela which was his favorite and wrote letters to the Padres at the 9 Missions. He died on August 28, 1784 at 70 years old. Building a Mission Adobe was used to make buildings. A hole was dug in the ground by adobe. Adobe is a stiff dirt mixture. Soil is what its made out of. Plaster is important to the Mission. Lime plaster IS made from sea shells and stone. Lime shells where headed in kiln. There were fire proof roofs. The floor tiles were called ladinos. They were made Of a stiffer mixture and cooked in kiln. Livestock Livestock is really important to the Mission. Father Sera and Captain Portola brought with them the livestock during an expedition to California in 1769. The first 5 missions were given 18 cattle, 4 pigs, and some chickens.Cattle was the most important animal at the mission. They had long curved horns and sloping hinds which gave good meat. Cattle was killed a lot for meat, tallow, and hides. The cattle also gave them milk, cheese, and butter. Other animals were really important to the mission. Sheep were used to make wool and meat. Hogs made lard. They used hog and lard for cooking and soap. They ate sausage and ham. They used horses for traveling and riding. Oxen worked hard in fields. They also had chickens that made eggs and meat. The herds increased and the Indians became cowboys.They moved the animals to a rancho miles away. They branded the animals at the rancho. There was good space and water. That was the beginning of Californians livestock industry. Crops Vegetable gardens were in every Mission. They prepared the land the same way. Women, men, and children weeded the garden and hoed the garden. Girls and boys waved sticks and threw stones. Insects and animals build fences. An Indians Life at the Mission The church bells rang then I had to wake up and go say prayers. The second bell rang that called use to breakfast. They had hot corn mush. The third bell rang and called us to our daily jobs. Women stayed inside. They did weaving, sewing, and cooking. The men were outside plowing, planting, and weeding. They ate atoll and add vegetables and chunks of meat. They wrapped it in tortilla. After lunch they would have a siesta and then they would nap. Next they would find a shady place to eat. Grape vines under the tree and after they would go to bed. They would go back to work and a young guy would bring them some cool water. The meals are the same as breakfast.The last ell rings, time to pray. After praying, talking, games, and singing they would sleep again. Mission Santa Barbara Report Mission Santa Barbara was founded by Vermin Lasses on December 4th 1786, the feast day of Santa Barbara, as the 10th mission. This mission is between the Pacific Ocean and the Santa Yens Mountains. Santa Barbara is the only mission to be under the leadership of the Franciscan Friars since the beginning. Mission Santa Barbara was known to have 2 bell towers. They are now the same as the mission bells. It turned into 8 bells in 1833.Which has 8 Mission Bell towers. Operated by Franciscans. It was built with mainly adobe and some bricks. It was covered with plaster/white wash. Mission Santa Barbara is named after Saint Barbara, she was a Christian mater who was beheaded by her dad for following her faith. The inside of Mission Santa Barbara still looks like it did in the sasss. The Mission is not only active in the church, it is also a historical attraction. Mission Santa Barbara was built by Spanish Franciscans to try to get the Chums Indians to become Catholics.

Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

2 - Essay Example Initially I did not take them seriously but eventually this became a daily affair. One day I was even humiliated in front of many patients and was occasionally made the laughing stock. I chose to stay mum on the subject and never reported it to my parents or friends. The abusing in the hospitals grew up day by day and one fine day I was seriously abused in front of one of my junior colleagues. Unable to gulp down the humiliation, I decided to report the instance to the HR manager but he said he was more interested in other important issues and advised me to handle these petty issues on my own. I was totally depressed and started having sleepless nights; I was so annoyed that I sometimes became rude to the patients. Due to this I used to have high blood pressure and as a result I took leave from work quite frequently. I also took leaves with pay cuts just for the reason that I did not want to face those group of bullying nurses. The things started taking a turn for the worse as my mentor came to know about my complaint to the HR manager. As revenge the entire group made up a falsified case against me for which I had no fault. I was reprimanded before the entire staff and humiliated badly. This was the last straw to break the camel’s back and I decided to resign from the job. This decision was extremely painful for me as it meant destroying a dream which I had nurtured as a child. My extent of frustration was so much that I decided to leave this profession forever and joined a lower paid job as a clerk in another organisation. Workplace bullying is often described in the nursing literature as a phenomenon which attracts considerable attention all over the world. Workplace relations have shown profound effects towards the physical health, mental health and the general well being of the employees. It has also been found that nurses who have been exposed to

Does citizenship require political participation Discuss Essay

Does citizenship require political participation Discuss - Essay Example This essay will illustrate the question: Does citizenship require political participation. Is any bona fide member of a state or community or country expected and required to participate in the politics of a state whether actively or passively? This argument has raged on for some time now. Citizenship is also a sensitive issue whose stipulations have been drafted in most country’s constitutions. For some countries, in order to become a citizen, it requires a matter of hours or minutes. To some, however, like the US and the stable western economies, acquisition of citizenship by foreigners is very tedious and extremely grueling. It also takes a longer time span for one’s documents to be analyzed and vetted. The law has further set aside rules that govern acceptance of application for citizenship in a country. The essay will try and answer the question whether Citizenship requires political participation. The paper will first exhaust the issue of citizenship. It will then further analyze the concept of political participation. In my opinion, citizenship truly requires political participation. It is, therefore, every citizen’s responsibility to ensure they take part of the political events of their place of region. Citizenship There are different approaches to the issue in different countries, but the principles of citizenship are alike. Citizenship is any form of status given to an individual either in the form of rights and privileges or in the form of duties and benefits. These forms of status are given to an individual by the state. In the US, for example, citizenship confers to a person a number of rights for example the right to living and having jobs or working in the US. The person is further accorded federal assistance and any form of government services. As a result of this, citizenship confers to an individual the right to own a US passport. This type of document identifies a person anywhere in the world as being from the country. C itizenship is a stepwise procedure. In Canada for example, about 170,000 people from many parts of the world flock to Canadian embassy offices to apply for citizenship. As a result of this, becoming a citizen of Canada requires a stepwise process so that the land can sustain the new citizens. The first process is determining whether the applicant is eligible to become a citizen. In case the individual is eligible. The individual is then allowed to apply for the citizenship. A citizenship test will then follow. This test is extremely grueling. Only persons between 18 to 54 years are allowed to take the tests, otherwise if one does not lie within the age bracket, they are not expected to prepare (Glassman 2008, p46). Just like Canada, the process of Citizenship is so grueling making many interested visitors not succeed in the exercise. Different countries have different aspects of citizenship. There are different aspects of Citizenship. Dual citizenship is an example of this aspect. I n the US, for example, a citizen of the US has the freedom to be a citizen of another country. The citizen will be accorded the benefits that are specific to the country in question. However, this is not the case in most countries especially for countries of the third world (Glassman 2008, p45). There are different ways through which one can become a citizen of a country. For example, one becomes a citizen of a country automatically through birth. If one is born within the quarters of a country, he/she

EMERGENCY assignment for the subject Accounting and Management. Writer Essay

EMERGENCY assignment for the subject Accounting and Management. Writer MUST be ON TIME. Writer needs to send me outline or some ideas before start working - Essay Example Knowing management and its ultimate test would allow us to evaluate the authors’ statement. It has been said that every organization requires the making of decisions by difference people in organizations, the coordinating of activities, the handling of people by those given the power and the evaluation of performance directed toward group activities.2 Such activities could be called management and its ultimate test of its success could be found in the â€Å"actual, long-run performance and operation results in the competitive market.†3 This success could only come through the efforts of people which should induce one to say that management does not operate in isolation with people. In management, some need to be leaders and some need to be followers to bring the organization into attaining its objectives in serving the interest of the community. Hence the concept of organizational culture is also an indispensable topic in the development of management theory. How do we appraise management then? How can we say whether management may be doing what it is suppose to achieve? The simple answer to this is that they must be bringing to people in attaining organizational objectives which are measurable. The actions of such successful management must influence or encourage others to follow their foot steps. They must impel people to action. This precisely was the finding of Peters and Waterman in their book ‘In Search for Excellence.’ This impels us therefore to know these attributes that characterized successful companies according to Peters and Waterman and from which we could learned. Massie summarized them as follows: (1) they are action oriented. (2) They are close to the customer. (3) They seek autonomy and emphasize entrepreneurship. (4) They focus in production through people. (5) They emphasize underlying values and try to use values in practice. (6) The â€Å"stick

Theory of why the United Nations Votes get Certain Results Essay

Theory of why the United Nations Votes get Certain Results - Essay Example The Arab and Islamic nations form a large portion of the United Nations (UN) member states. Most anti democratic and dictatorial countries, including those desperately in need of the Arabs’ oil and business opportunities with them, will most likely support their stand against the United States. Some European countries that are fearful of disgruntlement among the growing Muslim and Arab population are also likely to vote against the United States. The resolutions with the greatest potential to draw votes against the United States including those touching on Israel, Cuba, and Palestine. The UNGA approved the resolution that demanded the US to end its trade and economic blockade of Cuba by a great majority. 183 out of the 195 member states voted towards ending the blockade (Schaefer & Kim 1). Before the resolution was finally approved, it had previously been passed at the UNGA for 17 consecutive years. Failure to approve such a resolution targeted at the US for so long attracted negative votes against it. Countries that voted against the US claim that the US fails to recognize the sovereign qualities of countries, and not honoring the countries’ right to non-interference and non-intervention into their international trade or internal affairs. Cuba’s Foreign Minister pointed out that the resolution had to be approved as it was in a situation where an economic crisis was being felt worldwide. The 46 year old blockade, he added, had intensified suffering by Cubans and made worse by numerous hurricanes striking the island nation. Cuba had on many occasions declined to accept help from the US during the hurricanes. Countries that voted in support of Cuba claimed that the US always responded to the matter with its customary hypocrisy and sarcasm. They blamed the then Bush administration for constantly deceiving the international community. The Cuban Foreign Minister received support from many countries when he asserted that if the US government trul y cared about the well being of the people of Cuba, and other countries in the wider perspective, they would immediately end the blockade. It was their only ethical and moral way of redeeming their name from the evils of the blockade that was in violation of fundamental regulations of the UN Charter and international law. More member countries were against the move by the US that implemented new and enhanced economic sanctions over Cuba. They were unhappy with the enthusiastic hunting of the international economic transactions of Cuba by the US, which went to the extent of blocking internet sites associated to such transactions. By increasing its material and financial support towards actions aimed at overthrowing the constitutional leadership of Cuba, the US further aggravated nations that usually vote against its initiatives. Many member states explained their decision to support Cuba. The South African delegate acknowledged Cuba’s efforts in promoting education, health and biotechnology around the world. Cuba had also assisted developing countries to overcome their shortages in skills through bilateral

If managers are rational, mergers should always lead to an increase in Essay

If managers are rational, mergers should always lead to an increase in shareholder value. Discuss this statement in view of the relevant analysis of mergers and acquisitions - Essay Example Scholars denote that a merger is just one example of an acquisition, and there are other methods that an organisation can acquire another organization. These methods include purchasing of a company’ shares or even making an initiative to purchase all the outstanding stocks of the business targeted for acquisition. It is therefore important to understand that the main purpose of acquisitions and mergers is for the companies involved to gain an economic advantage (Custà ³dio, 2013). For any transaction involving mergers and acquisitions to be justified, the net worth of the two organizations when combined must be more than when the two organizations did not merge, or were not together. This paper will identify the reasons as to why so many mergers and acquisitions usually fail, despite the advantages that these mergers and acquisition bring about. Some of the advantages of an acquisition or merger include elimination of inefficiency, acquiring some tax advantages, achieving the benefits of economies of scale, and acquisition of complementary resources that can help an organisation to increase its market share (DePamphilis, 2010). Other major reasons for acquisitions and mergers include the ability to obtain proprietary rights to services and products, increasing the market share of an organisation through acquisition of the competitors of an organisation, and using the distributional channels of the acquired company to penetrate new markets, and geographic locations. All these advantages of mergers and acquisition must always be reflected in the growth of organizations shares, hence increasing the share value of an organization (Van Horne and Wachowicz, 2009). However, this is not always the case on most of the mergers that occur. This is because an acquisition and a merger is always a very complex procedure, and on most occa sions, it is difficult for the managers to accurately evaluate the transactions, the benefits, the costs, and the

Interpretation of koan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpretation of koan - Essay Example We must realize that every being that exists has come to be, because the Universal Power willed it to. So every living being is unique and important. The power that created it will also provide for it and nurture it. Therefore, there is no need to be overly anxious about the future, and our sustenance. Our Creator will provide for us. There are many among us who are overanxious about unimportant things like how we should clothe ourselves, in order perhaps to create a favorable impression on others. We forget that being natural and simple has a greater appeal to the esthetic sense than being ostentatious. The flowers in nature in their natural simplicity are as attractive-or even more-than a king decked out in all his finery. If we are mindful of our own true natures, and remain as close to them as our Creator willed us to be, then we need no embellishment. All we need is trust and faith in the Lord that we shall be provided for. If we seek the Lord with sincerity we shall find him. Think of this-if we seek anything in life and seek it with single mindedness and in humility, we shall have what we seek. And remember the virtue of sharing. What we have is to be shared with others. We need not be greedy and crave more than our due. And if we share, so will others share with us, and our needs will be met. In Buddhism the value of poverty should not be underesti

If managers are rational, mergers should always lead to an increase in Essay

If managers are rational, mergers should always lead to an increase in shareholder value. Discuss this statement in view of the relevant analysis of mergers and acquisitions - Essay Example Scholars denote that a merger is just one example of an acquisition, and there are other methods that an organisation can acquire another organization. These methods include purchasing of a company’ shares or even making an initiative to purchase all the outstanding stocks of the business targeted for acquisition. It is therefore important to understand that the main purpose of acquisitions and mergers is for the companies involved to gain an economic advantage (Custà ³dio, 2013). For any transaction involving mergers and acquisitions to be justified, the net worth of the two organizations when combined must be more than when the two organizations did not merge, or were not together. This paper will identify the reasons as to why so many mergers and acquisitions usually fail, despite the advantages that these mergers and acquisition bring about. Some of the advantages of an acquisition or merger include elimination of inefficiency, acquiring some tax advantages, achieving the benefits of economies of scale, and acquisition of complementary resources that can help an organisation to increase its market share (DePamphilis, 2010). Other major reasons for acquisitions and mergers include the ability to obtain proprietary rights to services and products, increasing the market share of an organisation through acquisition of the competitors of an organisation, and using the distributional channels of the acquired company to penetrate new markets, and geographic locations. All these advantages of mergers and acquisition must always be reflected in the growth of organizations shares, hence increasing the share value of an organization (Van Horne and Wachowicz, 2009). However, this is not always the case on most of the mergers that occur. This is because an acquisition and a merger is always a very complex procedure, and on most occa sions, it is difficult for the managers to accurately evaluate the transactions, the benefits, the costs, and the

Harley Davidson Company Essay Example for Free

Harley Davidson Company Essay Harley Davidson Inc is a company that has been in existence for over 100 years. The company is made up of several other subsidiary companies such as the Harley Davidson Motor Company, Harley Davidson Financial Services and Buell Motorcycle Company. These companies work together in the motorcycle industry with the motor cycle companies dealing with the production and marketing of the motorcycles while the financial services deals with providing financial services to the customers and dealers of the company. Harley Davidson Company has undergone various challenges in its internal and external environment such as the World War I and II, the Great Depression and other internal challenges such as the labor strikes and change in ownership. An analysis of the company portrays several strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that the company faces. The company can use the findings of this analysis to develop a grand strategy that can help the company survive the future. The various stakeholders of the company are mostly the customers, the suppliers, dealers, employees, the shareholders and the management of the company. These are the people that are affected by the activities of the company and that also have expectations from the company. The company’s financial performance has been improving during the current financial year due to the restructuring changes that are ongoing. It has reported profits in its operations and also an increase in sales. The strategic issues that the company is facing have also challenged its performance. The shifts in the customers’ tastes and preferences for example have affected the sales of the company’s motorcycles. A grand strategy that focuses on growth through an increase in marketing and an improvement of the company’s product and manufacturing processes can help the company survive the current environment. 1.0 Introduction Companies strive to excel in all manner of situations and overcome the challenges that they face in order to succeed and become competitive. Harley Davidson Inc is once such company. It has been surviving for about 107 years since it was founded in 1903 (Harley-Davidson, n.d). The company has its headquarters in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and was founded by three brothers Arthur, Walter and William Davidson together with a partner, William Harley. The company consists of several subsidiary companies which operate in three continents. The companies include Harley-Davidson Motor Company (HDMC) which deals with the production of motor vehicles together with Buell Motorcycle Company (Buell) (Harley-Davidson, 2010). Harley-Davidson Inc also includes Harley Davidson Financial Services (HDFS) which provides financial services to the dealers and customers of HDMC’s products. It also provides insurance policies and programs to the companies and its customers. HDMC sells motorcycles, together with the accessories and spare parts which it also produces. Harley-Davidson is also involved in other activities such as racing and in the production of bicycles and motor vehicles. The company which has been in existence for years now has survived several political and economical challenges such as the World War 1, the Great Depression, the World War 2 and other company trials such as labor strikes and change in ownership. Despite the many challenges it has undergone over its existence the company has been able to survive. The company’s sales have gone off severally, its quality has also been affected but it has been able to regain both the sales and the quality of its products. It has remained tough in the manufacturing of motorcycles and this has made its brands the most sought after all over the world (Davidson, Thompson, Barger, 2006). The company has also faced competition from other companies based in the U.S and in other countries such as Japan but it has been able to retain and maintain its market share. Further more; the founders of the company were named American heroes through their innovation with the company receiving several awards for its involvement in the two World Wars and other racing events (United States Department of Labor, n.d). This paper discusses Harley Davidson Company providing a SWOT analysis of the company, a description of its internal and external environment, a financial assessment of the organization as well as summarizing the major strategic issues that have faced the company. It also discusses the next grand strategy that the company can undertake in the future to improve its performance. 2.0 Harley Davidson 2.1 History William Harley, Arthur Davidson and Walter Davidson pooled their resources in 1903 to produce their first practical motorcycle (Harley-Davidson, n.d). The three men were assisted by William A. Davidson on a part time basis and by 1905 they had produced eight machines and they hired their first employee then. William Davidson quit his job in 1907 at the Milwaukee Road railroad and joined the Motor Company (Harley-Davidson, n.d). The Harley Davidson Company was later incorporated in September 1907 with the stock of the firm being split into 4 among the four founders.   At that time the staff of the company had more than doubled from 18 employees in 1906. The size of the company had also doubled by then and dealer recruitment had begun targeting the New England Region. In 1908, the company was able to sell its first motorcycle for police duty in Detroit Police Department and a year later they started motorcycles spare parts. In 1912, the company started building its six storey headquarters at Juneau Avenue in Milwaukee (Harley-Davidson, n.d). The building would also become its main factory with a separate parts and accessories department. During the same year the company made its first sales outside the U.S when it started exporting motorcycles to Japan. Its dealership network also grew to become over 200 dealers. A few years later, the company formed a racing department with Engineer William S. Harley who was assisted by William Ottaway. It also started publishing its first magazine, The Enthusiast which became the first motorcycle magazine all over the world (Harley-Davidson, n.d). In 1917, when the World War I started, the company was asked by the military to produce motorcycles to be used during the war. The company produced over 20,000 motorcycles to be used specifically by the military for the war (Speed Ace, n.d). The involvement of the company in producing motorcycles for the military enabled it to survive the war. By 1920 the company had become the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world due to the number of motorcycles it produced and the size of its facilities. It was operating in over 67 countries and had over 2000 dealers all over the world (Harley-Davidson, n.d). In the year 1941 when the World War II started, the company suspended the production of civilian motorcycles and started producing more military motorcycles (Harley-Davidson, n.d). The company also developed specific models for the army and in 1943; the company received the first of its 4 Army –Navy Awards for its excellent performance while producing motorcycles for the army. The company had produced over 60,000 models for military use (Harley-Davidson, n.d). When the war ended, the company wasting no time it resumed the production of civilian motorcycles. In the year 1952, the company was charged with restrictive practices after they applied to the US Tariff Commission for a 40% tax to be imposed on the imported motorcycles (Speed Ace, n.d). In 1953, as the company was celebrating its 50th anniversary, an attractive logo was developed that would depict the engine that had brought the company that far (Harley-Davidson , n.d). During the same year, Hendee Manufacturing Company, the Indian Motorcycle Company in the U.S, went out of business leaving Harley Davidson as the sole U.S motorcycle manufacturer over the next 46 years. The year 1969 was not a great year for the company as the American Machine and Foundry (AMF) acquired the Motor Company and made some changes that affected the company for years to come (Masker, 2007). AMF worked to streamline the production activities of the company and reduced the workforce in a bid to reduce the costs of the company. These changes were beneficial to the company in the short term but they became very damaging to the future of the business and in its long term. The reduction in the workforce led to a labor strike that affected the performance of the company. Furthermore the changes that had been done led to a reduction in the quality of the motorcycles that were produced over the years. The sales of the company were affected and the company almost went bankrupt. It was during this time that the Japanese manufacturers caught up with the company with their better quality, technology and increased stock. The regime by AMF lasted until 1981 when the company was bought back by 13 senior executives who were led by Vaughn Beals and Willie G. Davidson. The group bought the company for about $80 million and they were they able to set up the company to its load of recovery (Masker, 2007). Soon after in 1986 the company was listed in the American Stock Exchange and started to trade publicly in the year 1969. A year later the company was listed in the New York Stock Exchange and it petitioned the International Trade Commission to terminate a five year tariff on heavy weight motor cycles. This was seen as a major step for the company as it boldly stated it was in a position to compete fairly in the market. In 1993 the company celebrated its 90th anniversary with over 100,000 people parading their motorcycles in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Harley-Davidson, n.d). The company also purchased a minority interest in Buell Motorcycle Company which was manufacturing American sport motorcycles. In 1998 the company opened a new assembly facility that was to be the first of its kind outside the United States. The facility was opened in Manaus Brazil when the company was celebrating its 95th Anniversary and at the same time it bought the remaining interests in Buell Motorcycle Company of 49% (Harley-Davidson, n.d). The company has continued to expand its production facilities in Milwaukee, Tomahawk, Wisconsin, and New York and in Pennsylvania (Davidson, Thompson, Barger, 2006). The company has also been developing more products and improving its products with the latest technology. The company has also developed a Harley Davidson Museum which showcases the motorcycles that the company has developed over the years and other historical items that the company has maintained in its archives. The museum building cost the company over $75 million and is situated in Milwaukee (Rovito, 2006). 2.2 SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis is a framework that is used to audit an organization and its external environment. The results of the analysis help in the planning of any strategic decisions towards the future of the company. The analysis involves identifying the internal and external factors that favor the organization and that also form an unfavorable environment (Stahl Grigsby, 1997). The strengths of the company include those attributes that help the company to achieve its objectives while the weaknesses are the internal attributes that derail the achievement of the company’s objective and that also harm the company. The opportunities that are in the external environment include conditions that help the company to achieve the objectives. The threats on the other hand, include the conditions that are in the external environment and that challenge the company and affect it in a way that it may not be in a position to achieve its objectives. (a)  Ã‚   Strengths The Harley Davidson Company has several strengths that make it very competitive and profitable. The company has been in existence for over 100 years, and during this time it has established brand loyalty with its customers for its products. This is the major strength of the company as the products of the company are viewed as a culture and not just products. Most of the customers of the company are male and are in the middle-aged age bracket. They normally use the motorcycles for recreational purposes rather than for transport. The main qualities that the customers look for in the company’s product are the brand quality and the style. The company is able to provide these qualities and hence maintain its customers. The computer switching costs are high and once a customer buys a product from the company, they get trapped in buying more of the company’s products. The complementary products that come with the motorcycles also encourage the consumer loyalty. Once a customer purchases a Harley motorcycle, they proceed to buy accessories such as jackets and bandanas from the company. The company has also expanded its operations in different regions within the United States and also in other countries outside the United States. Some of the production plants are located in areas such as York, Kansas City, Tomahawk, and Milwaukee among others (Harley-Davidson, Inc., 2009). The different manufacturing plants have helped in reducing the costs especially in transport. The company has also diversified its activities and acquired several companies in different industries. The company acquired Buell Motorcycle Company which was also in the production of Motorcycles in East Troy, Wisconsin (Wheelen Hunger, 2002 ). It also acquired the company Eagle Mark in 1995 which was providing financial services to manufacturers of leisure products as well as their dealers and customers. The company acquired Eagle Mark so that it would provide retail financing to its customers, insurance and contracts for servicing. Eagle Mark Company has also been offering planning services on behalf of the North American Dealers in motorcycle floor planning. The two companies have been working together complementing each others activities. The diversification of the company in the motorcycles, related products and the financial services has helped the company to diverse its risks in the industry and in business. Over the years the company has maintained strong relationships with its suppliers. The strong relationship with the suppliers has given the company access to resources that it needs in its production processes as well as the design and development of its products. It has then been able to increase the quality of its goods and improve the features of the brands in a bid to remain competitive. The production process is also reduced in terms of time as the suppliers are able to deliver the suppliers on time reducing the lead time. This leads to a reduction in costs and saves time for the company. The company operates its business in three continents and in various countries all over the world. However it has not been able to increase its foreign sales which are mostly carried out outside the U.S. (b)  Ã‚   Weaknesses The major weaknesses that the company has experienced within its internal operations include the weak marketing strategies that it has applied especially in its foreign markets. The company has experienced low foreign sales over the years as compared to its competitors. In 2009, the international sales only made up 33% of the total unit sales of the company (Pravda.Ru, 2009). The number of dealers in international markets are also very few and this has contributed partly to the low market sales of the company’s products as most of the customers in the market can not access the company’s products through this dealers. The labor conflicts that the company has experienced in some of its plants over the years have been affecting the performance of the company. Dissatisfied workers of the company have held strikes that have contributed to losses for the company as it has had to shut down the production plants during these times. The company has also had to lay off workers during the strikes in a bid to cut down its operation costs as a result of the strikes in other production plants. The labor conflicts have also reduced the investor confidence in the company as the prices of the company’s shares have been affected. (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Opportunities The external environment of the company has several opportunities that can benefit the company and improve its performance and market share. The shifts in the trends in the customers’ preferences and tastes in the market are producing an opportunity that the company can exploit to its advantage. The customers’ preferences and tastes have changed especially among the young and hip crowd of customers who the company was once targeting as its sole customers. These customers have shifted their preferences to sporty motorcycles for their recreational purposes. Harley-Davidson Company does not engage in the production of sporty motorcycles; however the increased demand for these kinds of motorcycles is providing an opportunity for the company to develop them and target this new market. The company can grab this opportunity and develop these sporty motorcycles and hence gain from the high demand. The need to restructure the company’s business structure after the company’s subsidiaries have experienced a decrease in performance is providing an opportunity for the company to concentrate in its brands and grow. The new structure of the company will ensure that all the resources of the product are put into good use to help develop the company and expand its operations into other markets. The company will also be able to focus on the development of the products and also develop new products that can help increases the market share in different parts of the world. (d)  Ã‚   Threats The company has faced several threats in the market that have undermined its performance. One of the major threats that the company has faced include the competition in the market. The company has faced a lot of competition from other international companies and manufacturers especially in the heavy weight motorcycles market. Some of the major competitors include Yamaha, Suzuki, and Honda among others. The increased competition has led to decreased sales of the company’s products especially in the foreign markets. The competition between these companies is based on the price, quality, and features of the products, the preferences of customers and the reliability of the products among other factors. The switching costs for the manufacturers in the industry are also quite low. With the increased growth in demand and the potential of the market, new competitors are entering the market and increasing the competition. The existence of substitute goods such as cars for transport and other recreational activities has also threatened the existence of the company and the sales. Consumers have a wide variety of products to substitute the motorcycles with and the increase of competitors is also leading to an increase in more brands in the market. This poses a big threat to the future of the company in the market of its products. The changes in customers’ demographics are also threatening the business in terms of sales. The percentage of males who have been purchasing the company’s products especially the motorcycles is declining. The percentages of women who are purchasing the products are however increasing. During the years 2003 and 2004 the percentage of sales that were purchased by men made up 89% with the rest being female. While in the years 2005 and 2007, the percentages had reduced to 88% among the male customers and 12% among the female customers (Harley-Davidson, n.d). The ages of the customers who have been purchasing the products of the company have also been increasing. By 2008 the median age of the customers had risen to 47 from 45 in the year 2004.

Japan During Us Occupation History Essay

Japan During Us Occupation History Essay In any nation of the world, there come such incidents and historic events which result in changing or altering the dimensions and policies of the nation. These events or happenings sometimes work as a blessing for a nation and sometimes as a curse. When a nation faces the challenges occurring from those incidents with a great deal of courage and nerves, they prove out to be a blessing for the nation as the people of that specific nation get a new dimension which leads to the success of the nation whereas if a nation doesnt manage to face those challenges valiantly and confidently, then they may lead to the collapse of the nation. Talking about those incidents and historic events, lets mention US occupation of Japan after the World War II which initially seemed like a catastrophe and devastation for the Japanese nation but due to the huge moral and patriotism of Japanese people, it led to such dimensions of success through which the Japanese nation moved towards the heights of success in the next decades. To be accurate, Japan changed during the US occupation due to the fact that representation of the Japanese emperor as a character with all the state powers in his hands was changed by the American General, Douglas MacArthur. This lead to the way towards various political, economic and civil value changes occurred due to American governments impact on not only the public but also on all sectors during the US occupation. American occupation of Japan Before probing into the issue of discussing the reasons of why Japan changed to a large extent during the US occupation, lets first get to know a brief history of American occupation of Japan. When the World War II ended in 1945, it became a common mission and intent of the allied powers to demilitarize Japan. Molasky (1999) found that America wanted to demilitarize Japan for the purpose of rendering Japan incapable and powerless to come back to the field of war ever again. Molasky and Rabson (200) found that for the purpose of demilitarizing Japan and promoting democracy, United States and the allied powers moved towards the occupation of Japan. Policy of allied forces This policy of demilitarization was applied by the allied forces and the steps which were taken in order to achieve this objective were abolishment of Japanese armed forces, dismantling the military industry so that it cant become able to assist the forces of Japan and the next step was elimination or exclusion of the sense of patriotism and devotion from the mind of the public of Japan. Allied forces thought that in this way, they would be able to not only occupy Japan for a long duration abut also it would be really workable for the mission of demilitarization of Japan. So, these steps were seen as the primary objectives for the accomplishment of that mission because they thought that if the emotion of patriotism gets excluded from the mind of the Japanese people, it would become very easy for the allied forces to occupy Japan and establish their rule in the country. American governments view regarding policy Apart from the decided policy of the allied forces, the government of the United States thought differently from the allied forces perspective. United States, who was commanding the allied forces, felt that this policy would not be workable and justifiable for the people of Japan. Moore and Robinson (2002) found that General Douglas MacArthur, who was appointed as the supreme commander of the allied forces, considered bringing Japan to a democratic state from an emperors state. He thought that rather than having the mission of occupying Japan for a long time, it would be better if the dimension of governance is changed from the one man show to a democratic form of governance because it would not only help in maintaining peace of the world but also would be an appropriate decision for the public of Japan. General MacArthur had a view that aggression and dictatorship should be discouraged all over the world. He had a view that the United States and Great Britain are peaceful countries because they have a democratic form of government rather than the countries like Germany and Japan where dictatorship was at extreme at that time and there was just no democracy in any field of life in those countries. He thought that if democracy is prevailed throughout the world, specifically Japan, then it would be a great effort in promoting and maintaining peace in the world. American governments view regarding democracy in Japan McCormack (2001) found that in order to bring democracy in Japan, American government didnt think that bringing democracy in just the government would be enough. There were certain reasons for such thinking by the American government. They thought that democracy should be brought in all institutions regarding every field of life in Japan. We all know that bringing democracy in just political institutions doesnt make any sense because the right of free elections and the right to vote just dont mean democracy. Schaller (1997) found that democracy is something which should be applied in all sectors in order to strengthen the basis of the nation. No political institution can be able to survive when the economic and financial matters are in few hands. Its necessary to promote democracy all over the nation to enjoy real peace and outcomes of democracy. That is the reason why it was assumed by the American government that democracy should be applied to all institutions including political, social, educational, economic and religious institutions of Japan. American government believed that bringing democracy in Japan means bringing democracy in all field of life, not just in political institutions. For this purpose, General MacArthur worked in collaboration with the Japanese people and in just few years, tremendous and incredible changes took place in Japan which not only changed the dimensions of Japanese government style but also made Japan progress in all fields of life in the next decades. Schonberger (1989) found that democracy and other related changes not only enabled Japan to progress significantly but also restricted Japan from any sort of battle in the future. Now Japan is also an ally of the United States and despite of the fact that Japan is no more under occupation of the United States, It hasnt changed many policies regarding various political and economic affairs because Japanese know that it is due to those reforms and changes that Japan has gained so much success and development in the present era. Affect of occupation The occupation of Japan by the United States of America and the allied forced totally changed the future of Japan. Japan not only got demilitarized but also various reforms took place which enabled the Japanese nation in getting visible success in all fields of life. The occupation altered the face and also the fate of Japan completely. A peaceful and very responsible government was formed by the United States during occupation. It was also like an opportunity for the government of America to form a new government because the existing political government was totally defeated both physically and psychologically. All those industries like military industry were closed for the purpose of promoting peace. The general policies regarding Japan were the far eastern commission and an allied council in Tokyo. But due to the tensions between the USSR and some of the western countries, this commission could work up to the level of expectations. That was the reason which brought in the forces o f the United States for the purpose of controlling Japan. But it was not an easy task for the United States to control such a state which is totally different in all aspects of life from the other countries. This was also the first time in history of Japan that a foreign government was ready to take control as Japan had never lost any war before that. Judging all these circumstances, General MacArthur went on to control the complexities of Japanese form of government and with his wise and astute mindset, he was able to not only control Japan but also enabled it to change the current style of government. General rationale of MacArthurs mission While talking about US occupation of Japan and changes that were made on Japan due to that occupation, lets also get to know the actual purposes of the General MacArthurs mission in Japan. As we have discussed earlier that one of the main purposes of that occupation was to establish such type of government with such people given the charge who want democracy in their country. To establish a democratic government was one of the major tasks of the United States government. Next purpose was to make sure that Japan would not ever again become a threat for the peace of the world. Not only this, it was also to be made sure that Japan would not be able to become a threat for the United States and the allied countries again in the future. For that reason, demilitarization of Japan was carried out as the main task by the General MacArthurs mission. Next purpose was to create individual liberty among the Japanese people and to develop a sense related to the rights of the humans. This was of crucial importance for the Japanese people because the American government thought that once that sense is injected in the minds and hearts of the Japanese people, they would never want to become a trouble for the peace of the world and would like harmony everywhere. The next purpose was to create such a legal or judicial system in Japan which would be able to protect the individuals rights and be able to maintain peace and security regarding every single individual living in Japan. It was a great purpose because we all know that when there is not justice, crimes prevail and security of individuals vanishes away from the country. So, it was a real challenge for the American government to develop a proper legal system in Japan for the protection of rights of the civilians. The most important step which the American government took during US oc cupation of Japan was that they formed the government in Japan according to the will of the Japanese people. They didnt want to impose any government on the people of Japan and wanted to work according to the will of the civilians. We can say that General MacArthur was a very responsible person. He didnt take this occasion as an opportunity to occupy Japan forever by establishing his own government. Rather he went on to develop such policy which was really beneficial not only for the peace of the world but also for the people of Japan. Political balance in Japan If we talk about those measures which were taken by General MacArthur for the purpose of establishing political balance in Japan, we can say that his strategy regarding political balance was exceptionally remarkable. The main steps regarding his strategy were: To establish and give confidence to left wing movement in Japan which could be led by labor unionists and social coalitions. Educational reform also took place according to the strategy To introduce industrial and land reforms in Japan, and Representation of all sectors in the newly formed government of Japan This strategy of the American government worked exceptionally for the people of Japan because communist movements were discouraged through the strategy. In educational reforms, all text books which were being taught in the schools were rewritten and whole educational system was reformed from the level of schools to the university level for the betterment of the education sector of Japan. And also the phenomenon of land lordism was discouraged and free working rights were given to the farmers for the purpose of developing a new rural world for the farmers of Japan. This strategy not only influenced major pillars of power of Japan but also had a very positive impact on the rights of civilians of Japan. Changes which occurred due to occupation If we talk about the changes and developments which took place during the United States occupation of Japan, we can say that a lot of significant changes occurred which resulted inn a heavy influence on all sectors of Japanese life. Pyle (1996) found that the affects of changes ranged from a single civilian to whole political scenario of Japan. But here it should also be mentioned that these affects were not at all negative for the people of Japan. Rather they had a very positive and beneficial impact on the future of Japan as it resulted in huge level of progress and development in all sectors including technological, educational, political, and economic and human rights sectors. Lets now discuss all those changes which occurred during the United States occupation of Japan. Concept of sovereignty We can say that the biggest and the most valuable changes that occurred during the United States occupation of Japan was related to concept of sovereignty. America became able to make such improvements in this regard, the affects of which were seen in all other sectors. The concept of power was shifted from just one persons government to the people of Japan. Emperor was only left to the indirect influence and he had no much to do with the government activities. The older generation of Japanese people earlier rejected this proposal that powers will be shifted to the people instead of the emperor. But after all they recognized that this would be in their own favor when they will be able to make decisions for themselves rather than giving this right to just one person who would then be the king of all peoples fates. So when they recognized this, shift of powers took place and emperor was just left as a symbol of the state instead of being head of the state. Assembly consisting of the representatives of Japanese people from all fields of life was formed in order to run the government activities. This form of government consisting of peoples representatives replaced the military government which had been the block of power during the past. Formation of constitution Another major change was that of formation of a constitution for the government of Japan. Before that, there was no such clear constitution because all powers were restricted to just an emperor whose words were taken as the last words by everyone and whatever he said was the constitution for the public of Japan. Inoue (1991) found that in order to regularize the governing activities, a proper constitution was developed by the United States in collaboration with the Japanese people. And the main objective was to clearly show the dimensions and regularities regarding each and every branch of the government. This was a continuation of democratic process in Japan because when the government was being formed, it was essential for the United States to give them a way to operate all activities regarding the government. Hook and McCormack (2001) found that roles of each branch and the responsibilities were set to make it sure that none of the government branches could do anything other than the defined roles and responsibilities. Foreign policy Hook (2001) found that setting a suitable foreign policy was also one of the main tasks of the American government in the reformation of Japan. For this purpose, American government worked with full collaboration with the Japanese people in order to create such a foreign policy which should not only be beneficial for the relationships between Japan and the American government but also should prove to be helpful in strengthening relations of Japan with all other countries. Almost all issues had similar American and Japanese viewpoints and even in the present era, American and Japanese foreign policies go side by side. Land reforms Another major issue which was given much importance during the United States occupation was regarding setting up the land reforms. It was also one of the main steps in democratization of Japan because land was distributed to all people of Japan from just a few land lords. Farmers were subjected to pay the rent to the land lords before the land reforms but after that, they were given equal rights to cultivate their own land and earn for themselves. The credit of reallocation of lands goes to the American government because it was the American government who took initiatives to allocate the land to the deserving people of Japan and not restricting it to just a few hands. Social liberalization Social liberalization was also a very important task which was done by the American government during Japans occupation. Politics of Japan and other social ideas were influenced by the social liberalization because the American government made efforts to inject social values, human rights sense and social liberties in to the mind of the people of Japan. American government was able to inject the right of self freedom and speech in people from all fields of the Japanese life. Americans took over the control of radio and the newspapers inn order to educate Japanese people regarding civil rights and political freedom rights. Educational reforms One of the major changes was regarding educational reforms in Japan which produced long lasting affects on the mindset of the Japanese people. The main objective of educational reforms was to deconstruct the value of an emperor in the minds of people. Giving social and economic opportunities to the average class of the Japanese people was also an objective of the educational reforms. The concept of nationalist mythology was eliminated from the syllabus of the Japanese schools and universities. This concept was also eliminated from the books that emperor is the only source of power in a nation. This was done in order to educate people regarding their rights. The new educational system was a remarkable one and in that equal rights to study were given to all Japanese people regardless of financial or social stability of any family. Reconstruction of power relationships Both politically and economically, reconstruction of power relationships took place during the United States occupation of Japan. Bureaucracy was tried to be broken and labor movements were established in order to distribute the powers to all sectors of Japan. Local politics were promoted which worked as the roots for the development of a perfect democracy. It was thought that when the democracy would be at the grass root level, only then the people of Japan would become able to enjoy the real outcomes of a democratic state. Conclusion Summing it up, it can be said that American government, during the occupation of Japan, really tried to promote democracy in all fields of the Japanese life. It was the American occupation which resulted in a progressive Japan. A perfect relationship was developed between the United States and Japan during and after the occupation which reveals the success of the American occupation. Enabling Japan in becoming a real democratic state, the American occupation should be given credit in this regard.